Impact of Phthalates from Culture Materials on Histo-architecture of the Kidney, Liver and Muscle of Clarias gariepinus
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Abstract
Background: This study evaluated the accumulation of phthalate esters leaching from different culture materials and their effects on the histo-architecture of the kidney, liver and muscle of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).
Methods: A Randomised Complete Block Design was employed with three treatments, each comprising 33 fish reared in triplicate units of concrete tanks, plastic basins and tarpaulin tanks. Water physico-chemical parameters, organ phthalate concentrations (parts per million) and tissue histology were assessed.
Results: Phthalates released from the plastic-based materials produced no significant changes in the physico-chemical quality of the culture water; however, phthalate concentrations in fish organs were significantly higher in the plastic basin and tarpaulin treatments than in the concrete tanks. Diethyl phthalate was highest in the liver of fish from plastic basins (2.0294 ± 0.7451) and lowest in the liver of fish from concrete tanks (0.1546 ± 0.0039). Dibutyl phthalate peaked in the kidney of fish reared in tarpaulin tanks and was lowest in the kidney of concrete-reared fish (0.0390 ± 0.0074), while di-isobutyl phthalate was highest in the muscle of fish from plastic basins and lowest in the muscle of concrete-reared fish (0.2341 ± 0.0046). Histopathological examination revealed lesions in fish reared in plastic basins and tarpaulin tanks, including necrosis of the kidney and liver and oedema with atrophy of muscle tissue, whereas tissues from concrete-reared fish appeared normal.
Conclusion: Despite unaltered water quality, phthalates progressively bioaccumulate in catfish tissues and induce structural organ damage, raising concerns for fish health and food safety in plastic-based culture systems.
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