An Overview of the Frequency Distribution of the Prediabetes Population: Identified by a FINDRISC Survey in Semarang City
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: It is important to collect data as an initial screening for prediabetes in an early effort to control diabetes. This study aims to determine the frequency distribution of prediabetes among the population in Semarang City.
Method: This research method is descriptive quantitative with a cross-sectional approach. The research instrument used was the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC. The sample size was 246, conducted from August 16 to November 4, 2023, in Semarang City.
Result: Most residents of Semarang City are at low risk (67.9%) of developing diabetes mellitus within 10 years; however, some respondents are at slightly high risk (19.9%), moderate risk (11.0%), and high risk (1.2%) of developing diabetes within 10 years. This condition can be influenced by the current health condition of the respondents, which shows that most respondents have a body mass index and waist circumference of more than the normal values. Through statistical tests, it was shown that body mass index, waist circumference in women, current blood sugar, family history of diabetes, and consumption of hypertension drugs were associated with an increased risk of diabetes with a p-value <0.05. On the other hand, consumption of fruits and vegetables was not statistically related, p-value>0.05.
Conclusion: Most residents of Semarang City are at low risk of developing diabetes mellitus; however, a proportion of respondents fall into slightly high to high-risk categories. Promotive and preventive interventions to control prediabetes and reduce the progression to diabetes are needed.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
How to Cite
References
1. K Anastasi J, Capili B. Detecting Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes, Prediabetes and other High-Risk Conditions: An Advanced Practice Nurse’s Perspective. J Med Clin Nurs. 2022;3(2):1-5. doi:10.47363/jmcn/2022(3)143
2. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes―2020. J Clin Appl Res Educ Appl Diabetes Care. 2020;43(1):S98-S110. doi:10.2337/dc20-S009
3. IDF. International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas (10th ed) Brussels, Belgium: Retrieved from www.diabetesatlas.org. Published online 2021.
4. Hassanein M, Al-Arouj M, Hamdy O, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical guidelines. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. Published online 2017. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.003
5. Ismail R, Ismail NH, Mohd Tamil A, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults: Baseline findings of PURE Malaysia cohort study. Clin Epidemiol Glob Heal. 2023;21:101279. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2023.101279
6. Arnett DK, Claas SA. Precision medicine, genomics, and public health. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):1870-1873. doi:10.2337/dc16-1763
7. Sangrós FJ, Torrecilla J, Giraldez-Garcia C, ... Association of general and abdominal obesity with hypertension, dyslipidemia and prediabetes in the PREDAPS Study. Rev Española …. Published online 2018.
8. Schiaffini R, Pampanini V. Diabetes and prediabetes in children with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2023;35(4):481-485. doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001259
9. Nguyen A, McEwen MM, Loescher LJ. Perceived Risk of Diabetes Among Vietnamese Americans With Prediabetes: Mixed Methods Study. Asian/Pacific Isl Nurs J. 2023;7:e39195. doi:10.2196/39195
10. Sherwani SI, Khan HA, Ekhzaimy A, Masood A, Sakharkar MK. Significance of HbA1c test in diagnosis and prognosis of diabetic patients. Biomark Insights. 2016;11:95-104. doi:10.4137/Bmi.s38440
11. Yu X, Li YT, Cheng H, et al. Longitudinal changes in blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose among 5,398 primary care patients with concomitant hypertension and diabetes: An observational study and implications for community-based cardiovascular prevention. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1120543. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1120543
12. Yao J, Wang H, Yin X, Yin J, Guo X, Sun Q. The association between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors among Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One. 2019;14(11):1-12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224869
13. Lindström J, Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(3):725-731. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.3.725
14. Miller CK, King D, Nagaraja HN, Fujita K, Cheavens J, Focht BC. Impact of an augmented intervention on self-regulatory, dietary and physical activity outcomes in a diabetes prevention trial among adults with prediabetes. J Behav Med. 2023;46(5):770-780. doi:10.1007/s10865-023-00406-w
15. Rothenberger CD. Chronic Illness Self-Management in prediabetes: a concept analysis. J Nurs Healthc Chronic Illn. 2011;3(2):77-86. doi:10.1111/j.1752-9824.2011.01092.x
16. Widayanti AW. Understanding health-seeking behaviours of people in Indonesia; and developing, piloting, and evaluating a culturally appropriate intervention for people with diabetes. 2018;(June). https://ourarchive.otago.ac.nz/handle/10523/8965
17. Zahra PF, Diah DM, Miftahurachman M. Gambaran Pelayanan Konseling Gizi pada Pasien Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 di Puskesmas Jatinangor Tahun 2015. J Sist Kesehat. 2016;1(4):186-192. doi:10.24198/jsk.v1i4.10380
18. Pranata S, Wu SFV, Wang TJT, et al. A Pilot Test for Implementing Precision Healthcare Programme in Patients with Diabetes in Indonesia. Scr Medica (Banja Luka). 2023;54(1):61-67. doi:10.5937/scriptamed54-42230
19. Brown SA, Becker HA, García AA, et al. Acculturation, Dietary Behaviors, and Macronutrient Intake Among Mexican Americans With Prediabetes: The Starr County Diabetes Prevention Initiative. Sci Diabetes Self-Management Care. 2023;49(1):65-76. doi:10.1177/26350106221146473
20. Beasley JM, Johnston EA, Sevick MA, et al. Study protocol: BRInging the Diabetes prevention program to GEriatric Populations. Front Med. 2023;10:1144156. doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1144156
21. Patel RM, Misra R, Raj S, Balasubramanyam A. Effectiveness of a Group-Based Culturally Tailored Lifestyle Intervention Program on Changes in Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes among Asian Indians in the United States. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017. doi:10.1155/2017/2751980
22. Mutie PM, Giordano GN, Franks PW. Lifestyle precision medicine: The next generation in type 2 diabetes prevention? BMC Med. 2017;15(1):1-12. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0938-x
23. Kaur J, Rahat B, Thakur S, Kaur J. Trends in Precision Medicine. Elsevier Inc.; 2017. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809411-2.00015-5
24. Jacobson J, Paul P. Assessment and Management of Patients With Vascular Disorders and Problems of Peripheral Circulation. Brunner Sudarth’s Can Textb Medical-Surgical Nurs. Published online 2016:896-937.
25. Thomson H, Oliver N, Godsland IF, et al. Protocol for a clinical trial of text messaging in addition to standard care versus standard care alone in prevention of type 2 diabetes through lifestyle modification in India and the UK. Published online 2018:1-9.
26. Silvia F, Nyorong M, Afriany M, Lastiur L. The Effect of Prolanis Exercise Activities on Decreasing Blood Sugar Levels in Diabetes Mellitus Patients. J La Medihealtico. 2021;2(2):51-57. doi:10.37899/journallamedihealtico.v2i2.316
27. Paz-Filho G, Mastronardi CA, Licinio J. Leptin treatment: Facts and expectations. Metabolism. 2014;64(1):146-156. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.07.014
28. Zwane J, Modjadji P, Madiba S, et al. Self-Management of Diabetes and Associated Factors among Patients Seeking Chronic Care in Tshwane, South Africa: A Facility-Based Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(10):5887. doi:10.3390/ijerph20105887
29. Qin J, Chen Y, Guo S, et al. Effect of Tai Chi on Quality of Life, Body Mass Index, and Waist-Hip Ratio in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;11(January):1-13. doi:10.3389/fendo.2020.543627
30. He X, Geng X, Sha M, Jia Y, Cui G. Effect of Targeted Care plus Exercise Intervention on Blood Glucose Levels and Maternal and Newborn Outcomes in Patients with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Dis Markers. 2022;2022:7584936. doi:10.1155/2022/7584936
31. Tsimihodimos V, Gonzalez-Villalpando C, Meigs JB, Ferrannini E. Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Coprediction and Time Trajectories. Hypertension. 2018;71(3):422-428. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10546
32. Jerkins T, McGill JB, Bell DSH. Heart failure and diabetes: Clinical significance and epidemiology of this two‐way association. Diabetes, Obes Metab. 2023;25(S3):3-14. doi:10.1111/dom.15062
33. Liu X cong, He G dong, Lo K, Huang Y qing, Feng Y qing. The Triglyceride-Glucose Index, an Insulin Resistance Marker, Was Non-linear Associated With All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality in the General Population. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;7(January):1-9. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.628109
34. Estampador AC, Franks PW. Precision medicine in obesity and type 2 diabetes: The relevance of early-life exposures. Clin Chem. 2018;64(1):130-141. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.273540
35. Li N, Wang R, Hu P, et al. Effect of night shift work on metabolic syndrome in adults who suffered from earthquake stress in early life. Front Public Heal. 2023;11:1139113. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1139113
36. Ab-Hamid N, Omar N, Ismail CAN, Long I. Diabetes and cognitive decline: Challenges and future direction. World J Diabetes. 2023;14(6):795-807. doi:10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.795
37. Agastiya IMC, Kurianto E, Akalili H, Wicaksana AL. The impact of telehealth on self-management of patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review on interventional studies. Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev. 2022;16(5):102485. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102485
38. Rattanatham R, Tangpong J, Chatatikun M, et al. Assessment of eight insulin resistance surrogate indexes for predicting metabolic syndrome and hypertension in Thai law enforcement officers. PeerJ. 2023;11:e15463. doi:10.7717/peerj.15463
39. Oguntibeju O. Diabetes Mellitus Insights and Perspectives. Croatia: Intech.; 2013.
40. Watkins PJ. ABC of Diabetes. London: British Library Cataloging in Publication Data.; 2003.
41. RSSDI Clinical Practice Recommendations for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 2022. Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries. 2022;42(S1):1-143. doi:10.1007/s13410-022-01129-5
42. Cimo A, Loong D, Dewa CS. Exploring the Outcomes of a Pilot Education Program Tailored for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes and Mental Illness in a Community Mental Health Care Setting. Can J Diabetes. 2020;44(6):461-472.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2020.06.015
43. Faletau J, Dobson R, Nosa V, McCool J. Screening, diagnosing and management of Pacific peoples with prediabetes in New Zealand primary healthcare clinics with high concentrations of Pacific peoples: an online survey. J Prim Health Care. 2023;15(2):162-166. doi:10.1071/hc23016
44. Teo JYC, Ramachandran HJ, Jiang Y, et al. The characteristics and acceptance of Technology‐Enabled diabetes prevention programs (t‐DPP) amongst individuals with prediabetes: A scoping review. J Clin Nurs. Published online June 6, 2023. doi:10.1111/jocn.16649
45. Woldamanuel Y, Rossen J, Andermo S, et al. Perspectives on Promoting Physical Activity Using eHealth in Primary Care by Health Care Professionals and Individuals With Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes: Qualitative Study. JMIR Diabetes. 2023;8:e39474. doi:10.2196/39474