Assessment of TNF-Alpha, Interleukin-10, Glycated Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Indices in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With or Without Malaria Co-Infections

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Published: 2026-07-22
DOI: https://doi.org/10.71637/tnhj.v26i2.1372
Keywords:
Cytokines, Red blood cell indices, Type 2 Diabetics with malaria co-morbidity

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Friday Alfred Ehiaghe
Department of Immunochemistry and Immunology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0406-1340
Rebacca Chinyelu Chukwuanukwu
Department of Immunochemistry and Immunology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Vivian Chinasa Okafor
Department of Immunochemistry and Immunology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Joy Imuetinyan Ehiaghe
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria
Usiosefe Raphael Erhunmwunse
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Benson Idahosa University, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria
Ogochukwu Godfrey Ezema GO
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
Syvia Ifeoma Obu
Molecular Laboratory, Centre for Disease Control and Research, Federal Medical Center Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria
Nkiruka Nwamaka Eze
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria
Progress Arhenrhen Obazelu
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4492-5684
Ndudi Mary Dibigbo-Ibeaji
College of Medicine, Novena University, Ogume, Delta State, Nigeria.
Patrick Onochie Manafa
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria

Abstract

Background: Malaria and type 2 diabetes are both inflammatory conditions. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), glycated hemoglobin, and red blood cell indices were measured in this case-control study in individual with co-morbid malaria and type 2 diabetes in Nnewi, Anambra State. 


Methods: Using a simple random sampling technique, 200 participants were studied and split into 4 groups: Group A (50 people with T2DM and malaria; Group B (50 people with T2DM without MP); Group C (50 people with Mp only); and Group D (50 people without T2DM and MP (control group)). Enzyme immuno assay method were used to assay TNF-alpha and IL-10 levels, while ion exchange resin method was used to measure glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). The MCV, MCH, and MCHC was determined using haematology analyzer. 


Results: The mean HbA1c and serum TNF-α levels in T2DM with and without MP were considerably higher (p<0.05) in the MP group compared to the control group. Additionally, T2DM with MP had a mean MCHC that was considerably greater than T2DM without MP, MP group alone, and control group (p<0.05). TNF-α levels and MCH levels in T2DM with MP were found to be negatively correlated. 


Conclusion: Malaria can worsen the severity of T2DM via changes in TNF-α, IL-10, glycated haemoglobin, MCV, MCH and MCHC levels. To properly understand the mechanisms underlying the current findings, more research is required.

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Vol. 26 No. 2 (2026): June

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How to Cite

Ehiaghe , F., Chukwuanukwu , R., Okafor , V., Ehiaghe, J., Erhunmwunse, U., Ezema , O., Obu , S., Eze , N., Obazelu , P., Dibigbo-Ibeaji, . N., & Manafa , P. (2026). Assessment of TNF-Alpha, Interleukin-10, Glycated Hemoglobin and Red Blood Cell Indices in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients With or Without Malaria Co-Infections. The Nigerian Health Journal, 26(2), 712 – 722. https://doi.org/10.71637/tnhj.v26i2.1372

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