Phytotherapeutic Intervention Against MDR Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi: Evaluating the Plasmid Curing Potential of Selected Medicinal Plants
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Abstract
Background: Studies have shown that multi-drug resistant Salmonella species is a well-recognized and documented problem worldwide especially in the developing countries, and the gene associated with this resistance are encoded in the plasmid. This study was carried out to evaluate the plasmid eviction potentials of some selected plant extracts against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica sub sp. enterica serovar Typhi (ST).
Methods: Water samples from rivers, boreholes, and hospital dumping sites were screened for S. Typhi and resistant strains using standard microbiological techniques. Phytochemical constituents of Zingiber officinale, Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica, and Xylopia aethiopica leaf extracts were quantified. Different extract concentrations were tested on isolates, and plasmid analysis assessed their curing potential.
Results: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains STCMCST, WGS1146, STERL12960, ST311189, STCT18, and ST2018K isolated from rivers, boreholes, and hospital dumping sites showed 68.94% resistance to conventional antibiotics. Treatment with Zingiber officinale (ZO), Ocimum gratissimum (OG), and Vernonia amygdalina (VA) extracts significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced resistant strains from 100% to 2%, 10%, and 58%, respectively. Molecular plasmid curing analysis showed no observable band on agarose gel for ZO against the resistant strains, indicating effective plasmid eviction.
Conclusion: From the above study, S. enterica ser. Typhi isolated from the studied samples showed significant resistance to antibiotics, and ZO, OG and VA showed pronounced plasmid eviction potentials by reducing the percentage of resistance to zero or treatable level, of which ZO was most effective-Q3
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