Prevalence of Salmonella Enterica Subspecies Enterica Serovar Typhi in Hospital Landfill: An Environmental Cross Sectional Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Research indicates that Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi (ST), the causative agent of enteric fever, is evolving with the emergence of new strains that require distinct treatment approaches and exhibit varying clinical manifestations. This study focuses on investigating the prevalence of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi from hospital dumping sites.
Methods: A total of 207 samples were collected from different locations (A, B and C) of hospital landfill in Awka, Anambra State, and screened for ST using standard microbiological techniques. The prevalence of ST was determined through a cross-sectional study design.
Results: The study revealed that 61.84% of the 207 samples analyzed were positive for ST. Notably, samples from location A had the highest occurrence of ST, accounting for 79.81% of the positive samples, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Six ST strains were identified: STCMCST, STCT18, STWGS1146, ST311189, STERL12960, and ST2018K. Among these, STCMCST was the most prevalent, occurring significantly more frequently (p < 0.05) across all sample types, from the three locations. The frequency distribution of the ST strains was as follows: STCMCST (65.62%), STCT18 (23.44%), STWGS1146 (5.47%), ST311189 (3.13%), STERL12960 (1.56%), and ST2018K (0.78%).
Conclusion: This study has confirmed the presence of various ST strains in the samples, with STCMCST being the most prevalent. To mitigate the risk of ST infections, proper hygiene practices and safe disposal of hospital waste are essential preventive measures.
Downloads
Article Details
Section
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
How to Cite
References
1. Iheukwumere, I.H., Uneze, B.C., Ejike, C.E. Efficacy of some selected antimicrobial substances in prevention of enteric bacteria in broiler chicks. J. Biol. Agric. Health C., 2017, 7 (4): 58–67. doi: 10.7176/JBAH
2. Li, B., Vellidis, G., Lui, H., Jay Russel, M., Zhau, S., Hu, Z. Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli isolates from surface water in south eastern United States. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2014, 80: 6355−6365. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01923-14
3. Iheukwumere, I.H., Ejike, C.E. Comparative study of the inhibitory activities of Ocimum gratissimum and Nepeta cataria against Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and their larvicidal effect against Anopheles gambiae. Afr. J. Educ. Sci. Technol., 2016, 5(22): 112 – 118.
4. Matias, C.A.R., Pereira, I.A., Reis, E.M.F., Rodrigues, D.P., Siciliano, S. Frequency of zoonotic bacteria among illegally traded wild birds in Rio de Janeiro. Braz. J. Microbiol., 2016, 47(4): 882-888. doi: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.001
5. Lee K.M., Runyon M., Herrmanm T.J., Phillips R., Hsieh, J. Review of Salmonella detection and identification methods: Aspects of Rapid Emergency Response and Food Safety. Food Control, 2015, 47: 264-276. doi: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.07.011
6. Ejike C.C., Iheukwumere I. H., Amadi R. E. The effects of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts on Shigella dysenteriae isolated from ready-To-eat fried chicken sold in Ihiala L.G.A, Anambra State. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2017, 7: 1–5.
7. Daiz-Torres T, Lugo-Melchor O.Y., de Anda J., Sebastian M., Hernandez G., Amezquita-Lopez B.A., Meza-Rodriguez D. Prevalence, distribution, and diversity of salmonella strains isolated from a subtropical lake. Front. Microbiol., 2020, 10 (3): 38 – 39. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03048
8. Liu Y.Y., Wang Y., Walsh T.R., Yi L.X., Zhang R., Spencer J., Doi Y., Tian G., Dong B., Huang X., Yu, L.F., Gu, D., Ren H., Chen X., Lv, L., He, D., Zhou, H., Liang, Z., Liu J.H., Shen J. Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanis mmcr 1 in animals and human beings in China: A microbiological and molecular biological study. Lancet Infect. Dis., 2018, 16(2): 161 – 168. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
9. Iheukwumere I. H., Amadi, R. E., Unaeze B. C. Enterotoxigenicity profile of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in suckling albino mice. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2017b, 7 (14): 16–20.
10. Iheukwumere I. H., Opara G. R., Iheukwumere M. C., Okafor. C. F., & Nwakoby N. E. Prophylactic potential of Essential cream produced from Chromolaena odorata leaf extract against Cladosphialophora bantiana strain D12E. IPS J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2021, 1(1), 1–11.
11. Cheesebrough M. District laboratory practice in tropical countries. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, 45-- 77, 98.
12. Habtamu, T. M., Rajesh, R., Kulip, D., Rajesh, K. A. Isolation, identification and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection of Salmonella species from field materials of poultry origin. Int. J. Microbiol. Res., 2011, 2: 135 – 142.
13. Gabriela I. F., Cecilia L. E., Teresa I. C, Maria, E. E. Detection and characterization of shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella species and Yersinia strains from human, animal and food samples in San Luis, Argentina. Int. J. Microbiol., 2014, 1: 1–11.
14. Iheukwumere I.H., Olusola T.O., Chude, C. Molecular characterization and diversity of enteric bacteria isolated from chicken feeds. J. Nat. Sci. Res., 2018a, 8: 21–33.
15. Iheukwumere I.H., Dimejesi, S.A., Iheukwumere C.M., Chude, C.O., Egbe P.A., Nwaolisa,C.N., Amutaigwe E.U., Nwakoby N.E., Egbuna C., Olisah M.C, Ifemeje, J.C. Plasmid curing potentials of some medicinal plants against citrate negative motile Salmonella species. Eur. J. Biomed. Pharm. Sci., 2020, 7(5); 40 -47.
16. Jimenez A, Moreno Y, Gonzalez A, Tomas D, Alonso J.L., Ferris M.A. Isolation, phenotypic and genotypic characterization of quinolone resistant salmonella enterica strains isolated from foods and water. Curr. Res. Top. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2009, 9: 397 – 400.
17. Tracogna M.F, Losch l.S, Alonso J.M, Merino L.A. Detection and characterization of salmonella spp. In recreational aquatic environments in the Northeast of Argentina. Ambi-Agua, 2015, 8(2): 18 – 26. doi: 10.4136/ambi-agua.1563
18. Bhetwal A, Maharjan A, Shakya S, Satyal D, Ghinuire S, Khanal P.R, Parejuli N.P. Isolation of potential phases against multidrug resistant bacterial isolates: promising agents in the rivers of Kathmandu, Nepal. Biomed. Res. Int., 2017, 1: 1 – 8. doi: 10.1155/2017/8920748
19. Phoon Y.W, Chan Y.Y.C, Koh T.H. Isolation of multidrug resistant salmonella in Singapore. Singapore Med. J., 2015, 56(8): 142 – 144. doi: 10.11622/smedj.2015102
20. Ekelozie I.S, Ekejindu I.M, Ochiabuto O.M, Obi M.C, Onwuasonya U.F, Obeagu E.I. Evaluation of salmonella species in water sources in two local government areas of Anambra state. Cohesive J. Microbial Infect. Dis., 2018, 1(1): 1-9.
21. Kumar A, Benjamin J.C, Kumari A, Kumar H. Isolation and identification of bacterial strains from Yamuna River at Allahabad district in Uttar Pradesh, India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2018, 7(72): 3013 – 3022.
22. Nyandjou Y.M.C, Yakubu S.C, Abdullahi I.O, Machido D.A. Enteric bacteria of public health significance isolated from Zaria metropolis site soil. Sci. World J., 2018, 13(4): 30 – 34.
23. Yap K, Gan .H.M, Teh C.S. J, Chai L.C, Thong K.L. Comparative genomics of closely related Salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains reveals genome dynamics and the acquisition of novel pathogenic elements. BMC Genomics, 2014, 15: 1007 –1027. doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1007
24. Iheukwumere I.H., Chude C., Unaeze B.C. Toxicological study and antibacterial activities of effectively validated medicinal plants against enteric bacteria isolated from chicken feeds. J. Health Med. Nurs., 2018b, 7: 19–34.
25. Awol, R. N., Reda, D. Y., Gidebo, D. D. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi infection, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among febrile patients at Adare general hospital, Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. BMC Infect Dis, 2021, 21: 30. doi: 10.1186/s12879-020-05726-9
26. Terna, F. C., Chukwu, A., Obiekezie, S. O. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi among Patients attending Selected Health Care Centres in Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Niger. J. Microbiol., 2021, 35(1): 5521 - 5528.
27. Oluyege, A., Babalola, J. A., Igbalajobi, O., Oloruntuyi, A. B. Isolation and Characterization of Salmonella typhi from Widal Positive Patients Attending Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci., 2015, 4(10): 774-784.