Motor and Social Independence Skills Among Stunted Toddlers in Tegal City, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71637/tnhj.v25i1.916Keywords:
stunting, toddlers, motorik development, social developmentAbstract
Background: Slow maturation of nerve cells, social responses, motor movements, and lack of intelligence are signs of abnormal developmental delay in stunting toddlers. The purpose of this study was to find out how stunted toddlers develop in the city area, especially from the aspects of gross motor development and social independence skills.
Method: This research is a descriptive study design. The study was conducted in 4 sub-districts in Tegal City, namely the Margadana, East Tegal, South Tegal, and West Tegal Districts from March 2023 to March 2024 with a sample of 300 respondents. The results of the study were obtained by measuring the motoric and social independence development of respondents using the Denver II table. Data is presented in the form of a frequency distribution in the form of the number of stunted toddlers, motoric development and social independence development by univariate analysis.
Result: The incidence of stunting in Tegal city, where 1,002 out of 12,201 children under five were stunted, with an average of over 20% for each district. For motor development, where the most is normal development by 111 respondents (37%), followed by questionable development by 107 respondents (36%) and the least toddlers with deviant development by 82 respondents (27%).
Conclusion: The incidence of stunted toddlers is a dangerous alarm for the government looking to the future of the next generation. Problems in motor development will also have an impact on children's social development and the development of the country in the future.
Downloads
References
1. Sufri S, Nurhasanah, Jannah M, Dewi TP, Sirasa F, Bakri S. Child Stunting Reduction in Aceh Province: Challenges and a Way Ahead. Matern Child Health J. 2023 Nov 6;27(5):888–901.
2. Gabain IL, Ramsteijn AS, Webster JP. Parasites and childhood stunting – a mechanistic interplay with nutrition, anaemia, gut health, microbiota, and epigenetics. Trends Parasitol. 2023 Nov 6;39(3):167–80.
3. Cloft SE, Kinstler SR, Reno KE, Sellers HS, Franca M, Ecco R, et al. Runting Stunting Syndrome in Broiler Chickens Is Associated with Altered Intestinal Stem Cell Morphology and Gene Expression. Avian Dis. 2022 Nov 6;66(1):85–94.
4. Izah N, Mulyani Y, Desi NM, Hidayah SN, Fatimah OZS, Rakhimah F, et al. Efforts to Accelerate Stunting Reduction in Tegal City, Indonesia. J Res Heal. 2024;14(5). 427-438.
5. Hoffman DJ, Kassim I, Ndiaye B, McGovern ME, Le H, Abebe KT, et al. Childhood Stunting and Wasting Following Independence in South Sudan. Food Nutr Bull. 2022 Nov 6;43(4):381–94.
6. Fauziah N, Ar-Rizqi MA, Hana S, Patahuddin NM, Diptyanusa A. Stunting as a Risk Factor of Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis in Children: A Literature Review. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis. 2022 Nov 6;2022:8929025.
7. Gilano G, Hailegebreal S, Sako S, Seboka BT. Stunting and Associated Factors Among 6-23 Months Age Children in Ethiopia: Application of Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Modeling. Ecol Food Nutr. 2022 Nov 6;61(5):608–23.
8. Haque MA, Wahid BZ, Tariqujjaman M, Khanam M, Farzana FD, Ali M, et al. Stunting Status of Ever-Married Adolescent Mothers and Its Association with Childhood Stunting with a Comparison by Geographical Region in Bangladesh. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 6;19(11):6748.
9. Kalinda C, Phri M, Qambayot MA, Ishimwe MCS, Gebremariam A, Bekele A, et al. Socio-demographic and environmental determinants of under-5 stunting in Rwanda: Evidence from a multisectoral study. Front Public Heal. 2023 Nov 6;11:1107300.
10. Bevis L, Kim K, Guerena D. Soil zinc deficiency and child stunting: Evidence from Nepal. J Health Econ. 2022 Nov 6;87:102691.
11. Brou AM, Djalega FA, Tokpa V, Seri ECG, Anoua ALF, Robinson JA. Urban–rural differences in the relationship between stunting, preschool attendance, home learning support, and school readiness: A study in Côte d’Ivoire. Front Public Heal. 2023 Nov 6;10:1035488.
12. Marume A, Archary M, Mahomed S. Predictors of stunting among children aged 6–59 months, Zimbabwe. Public Health Nutr. 2023 Nov 6;26(4):820–33.
13. Ejigu H, Tafese Z. Stunting at birth: linear growth failure at an early age among newborns in Hawassa city public health hospitals, Sidama region, Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. J Nutr Sci. 2023 Nov 6;12:e63.
14. Siddiqa M, Shah GH, Mayo-Gamble TL, Zubair A. Determinants of Child Stunting, Wasting, and Underweight: Evidence from 2017 to 2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey. J Nutr Metab. 2023 Nov 6;2023:2845133.
15. Tola G, Kassa A, Getu M, Dibaba B, Neggesse S. Prevalence of stunting and associated factors among neonates in Shebadino woreda, Sidama region South Ethiopia; a community-based cross-sectional study 2022. BMC Pediatr. 2023 Nov 6;23(1):276. doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04080-4
16. Wulandari RD, Laksono AD, Kusrini I, Tahangnacca M. The Targets for Stunting Prevention Policies in Papua, Indonesia: What Mothers’ Characteristics Matter? Nutrients. 2022 Nov 6;14(3):549. doi.org/10.3390/nu14030549
17. Nemerimana M, Havugarurema S, Nshimyiryo A, Karambizi AC, Kirk CM, Beck K, et al. Factors associated with recovery from stunting at 24 months of age among infants and young children enrolled in the Pediatric Development Clinic (PDC): A retrospective cohort study in rural Rwanda. PLoS One. 2023 Nov 6;18(7):e0283504.
18. Mertens A, Benjamin-Chung J, Colford JM, Hubbard AE, van der Laan MJ, Coyle J, et al. Child wasting and concurrent stunting in low- and middle-income countries. Nature. 2023 Nov 6;621(7979):558–67.
19. Sahiledengle B, Mwanri L, Blumenberg C, Agho KE. Gender-specific disaggregated analysis of childhood undernutrition in Ethiopia: evidence from 2000–2016 nationwide survey. BMC Public Health. 2023 Nov 6;23(1):2040. doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-16907-x
20. Tariq I, Khan JI, Malik MA. Decomposing acute malnutrition by educational inequality of mother’s among under five children in Jammu and Kashmir. Sci Rep. 2023 Nov 6;13(1):10493. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-37587-y
21. Amusa LB, Bengesai AV, Khan HTA. Childhood stunting and subsequent educational outcomes: a marginal structural model analysis from a South African longitudinal study. Public Health Nutr. 2022 Nov 6;25(11):3016–24.
22. Hermawan D, Kurniasari D, Sandayanti V, Sari N, Listyaningsih E. Relationships of deworming drug consumption and animal protein intake with stunting. Parasite Epidemiol Control. 2023 Nov 6;23:e00326.
23. Handryastuti S, Pusponegoro HD, Nurdadi S, Chandra A, Pramita FA, Soebadi A, et al. Comparison of Cognitive Function in Children with Stunting and Children with Undernutrition with Normal Stature. J Nutr Metab. 2022 Nov 6;2022:9775727.
24. Sianturi E, Primarti RS, Setiawan AS. A self-reported cross-sectional study on the oral function and the quality of life in children with stunted growth. Front Pediatr. 2023 Nov 6;10:1019143.
25. Steyn NP, Nel JH. Prevalence and Determinants of the Double Burden of Malnutrition with a Focus on Concurrent Stunting and Overweight/Obesity in Children and Adolescents. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022 Nov 6;11(3):437–56.
26. Atamou L, Rahmadiyah DC, Hassan H, Setiawan A. Analysis of the Determinants of Stunting among Children Aged below Five Years in Stunting Locus Villages in Indonesia. Healthcare. 2023 Nov 6;11(6):810. doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060810
27. Ekholuenetale M, Okonji OC, Nzoputam CI, Barrow A. Inequalities in the prevalence of stunting, anemia and exclusive breastfeeding among African children. BMC Pediatr. 2022 Nov 6;22(1):333. doi.org/10.1186/s12887-022-03395-y
28. Laksono AD, Wulandari RD, Amaliah N, Wisnuwardani RW. Stunting among children under two years in Indonesia: Does maternal education matter? PLoS One. 2022 Nov 6;17(7):e0271509.
29. Suratri MAL, Putro G, Rachmat B, Nurhayati, Ristrini, Pracoyo NE, et al. Risk Factors for Stunting among Children under Five Years in the Province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Nov 6;20(2):1640. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021640
30. Bhutta ZA, Akseer N, Keats EC, Vaivada T, Baker S, Horton SE, et al. How countries can reduce child stunting at scale: lessons from exemplar countries. Am J Clin Nutr. 2020 Sep;112(Suppl 2):894S-904S.
31. Luzingu JK, Stroupe N, Alaofe H, Jacobs E, Ernst K. Risk factors associated with under-five stunting, wasting, and underweight in four provinces of the Democratic Republic of Congo: analysis of the ASSP project baseline data. BMC Public Health. 2022 Nov 6;22(1):2422. doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14842-x
32. Bella FD, Fajar NA, Misnaniarti M. Hubungan antara Pola Asuh Keluarga dengan Kejadian Balita Stunting pada Keluarga Miskin di Palembang. J Epidemiol Kesehat Komunitas. 2020;5(1):15–22.
33. Gaiser ML, Winkler AS, Klug SJ, Nkurunziza S, Stelzle D. Determinants of stunting among children under age five in Burundi: Evidence from the 2016–2017 Burundi Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS 2016–17). Food Sci Nutr. 2023 Nov 6;11(7):4100–12.
34. Dewi IC, Auliyyah NRN. Penyuluhan Stunting sebagai Sarana untuk Meminimalisir Tingginya Angka Stunting di Desa Gambiran Kecamatan Kalisat. Jiwakerta J Ilm Wawasan Kuliah Kerja Nyata. 2020;1(2):25–9.
35. Dewey KG. Reducing stunting by improving maternal, infant and young child nutrition in regions such as South Asia: evidence, challenges and opportunities. Matern Child Nutr. 2016 May;12 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):27–38.
36. Mulyani S, Soetrisno, Andayani TR, Perestroika GD. Factors Affecting Village Apparatus, Integrated Service Post and Early Childhood Education in Stunting Prevention. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2023 Nov 6;33(2):237–44.
37. Siswati T, Iskandar S, Pramestuti N, Raharjo J, Rubaya AK, Wiratama BS. Drivers of Stunting Reduction in Yogyakarta, Indonesia: A Case Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 6;19(24):16497.
38. Bansal A. Is mother’s financial autonomy associated with stunting among children aged 7–35 months: An empirical study from India. PLOS Glob Public Heal. 2022 Nov 6;2(1):1-18..
39. Haq IU, Mehmood Z, Afzal T, Khan N, Ahmed B, Nawsherwan, et al. Prevalence and determinants of stunting among preschool and school-going children in the flood-affected areas of Pakistan. Brazilian J Biol. 2022 Nov 6;82:e249971.
40. Shahid M, Cao Y, Ahmed F, Raza S, Guo J, Malik NI, et al. Does Mothers’ Awareness of Health and Nutrition Matter? A Case Study of Child Malnutrition in Marginalized Rural Community of Punjab, Pakistan. Front Public Heal. 2022 Nov 6;10:792164.
41. Tadele TT, Gebremedhin CC, Markos MU, Fitsum EL. Stunting and associated factors among 6–23 month old children in drought vulnerable kebeles of Demba Gofa district, southern Ethiopia. BMC Nutr. 2022 Nov 6;8(1):9.
42. Permatasari TAE, Chadirin Y, Ernirita, Elvira F, Putri BA. The association of sociodemographic, nutrition, and sanitation on stunting in children under five in rural area of West Java Province in Indonesia. J Public health Res. 2023 Nov 6;12(3):22799036231197170.
43. Laksono AD, Sukoco NEW, Rachmawati T, Wulandari RD. Factors Related to Stunting Incidence in Toddlers with Working Mothers in Indonesia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Nov 6;19(17):10654.
44. Ndagijimana S, Kabano IH, Masabo E, Ntaganda JM. Prediction of Stunting Among Under-5 Children in Rwanda Using Machine Learning Techniques. J Prev Med Public Heal. 2023 Nov 6;56(1):41–9.
45. Tesfaye A, Egata G. Stunting and associated factors among children aged 6–59 months from productive safety net program beneficiary and non-beneficiary households in Meta District, East Hararghe zone, Eastern Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study. J Heal Popul Nutr. 2022 Nov 6;41(1):13.
46. Rachmah DN, Zwagery RF, Azharah B, Azzahra F. Psikoedukasi mengenai stunting pada anak dan peran pengasuhan orangtua untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan mengenai stunting. Altruis J Community Serv. 2022;3(1):116–22.
47. Woodruff BA, Wirth JP, Bailes A, Matji J, Timmer A, Rohner F. Determinants of stunting reduction in Ethiopia 2000 - 2011. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Apr;13(2):e12307
48. Rahmadhita K. Permasalahan Stunting dan Pencegahannya. J Ilm Kesehat Sandi Husada. 2020;11(1):225–9.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Nilatul Izah, Linda Rofiasari, Ratna Dewi Handayani, Seventina Nurul Hidayah, Ni'matul Ulya, Bardiati Ulfah, Satriya Pranata
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
