Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) disrupts estrous cycling pattern following dysregulations of reproductive hormones in female Sprague-Dawley Rat
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) and estrous cycling pattern in rats
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60787/tnhj.v24i3.843Keywords:
HAART, infertility, estrous cycle, estrogen, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormoneAbstract
Background: The transmission of HIV is a global crisis with females being more vulnerable to the infection. Currently, there is no known cure for HIV but fortunately, highly active antiretroviral (HAART) drugs have enhanced the well-being of infected patients and also reduced mother to child transmission. Hence, high desire of infected couples to procreate. However, there is an emerging trend of infertility indices in HIV infected women on HAART with pronounced miscarriage, menstrual irregularities and reduced pregnancy rate. This study investigated the effects of HAART on some reproductive hormones and the corresponding effects on estrous cycle and fertility.
Method: Twenty female rats were randomly divided into treatment group A and control group B of ten rats each. Group A animals received 1.88mg of HAART dissolved in 0.1mls of normal saline water while group B received 0.1mls of normal saline (placebo) to ensure uniformity. The first five sub-sets were used for experimentation while the second sub-set of five were used to assess the eventual impact on pregnancy outcome.
Result: The findings showed the alterations in estrogen, FSH and LH levels with disruption of estrous cycling and reduction in pregnancy rate in the HAART treated group when compared with the control.
Conclusion: The current study demonstrated dysregulation of reproductive hormones and its consequential disruption on estrous cycle and pregnancy outcome. Further investigation is needed on hormone activation at their receptor sites for comprehensive understanding of the mode of actions of HAART for modification of treatment regimen.
Downloads
References
Nigeria HIV & AIDS statistics 2019 https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/pressreleaseandstatementarchive/2019/march/20190314_nigeria.
Global HIV & AIDS statistics 2022; fact sheet https://www.unaids.org/en/resources/fact-sheet
Kharsany AB and Karim QA. HIV Infection and AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa: Current Status, Challenges and Opportunities. Open AIDS J. 2016; 10:34-48.
Jan L and Marcus A. Sex Differences in Infectious Diseases–Common but Neglected. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2014; 209:(3) S79–S80.
Murewanhema G, Musuka G, Denhere K, Mulqueeny D, Dzinamarira T. The HIV epidemic and the COVID-19 pandemic: A double tragedy for sub-Saharan African women. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2022;14(1):e1-e3.
Miriam A. Fertility Desires of People Living With HIV in Enugu State Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): Index Copernicus Value. 2013; 6.14: 4.438.
Mkwashapi D, Renju J, Mahande M, Changalucha J, Urassa M, Todd J. Fertility trends by HIV status in a health and demographic surveillance study in Magu District, Tanzania 1994-2018. PLoS One. 2023;18(2):e0281914.
Adebimpe WO, Adebimpe MA, Adeoye OA, Omisore A. Menstrual changes among HIV positive women on antiretroviral treatment in southwestern Nigeria. South American Journal of Medicine. 2014; 2(2): 198 – 211.
Ohihoin AG1, Ohihoin EN, Bakare A, Olarenwaju O, Okafor A, Ojetunde MM, Oji K, Kalajaiye O, Ujomu I, Aina O, Ajibaye S, Okechukwu A, Kiladejo A, Medobi F, Oladele D, Ezechi O, Iranloye B, Taylor-Robinson S. The Effect of First Line Antiretroviral Drugs on the Menstrual Cycle of HIV Positive Patients. Annals of Medical and Health Sciences Research 2021; 11:1328-1331.
Liu LB, Yang W, Chang JT, Fan DY, Wu YH, Wang PG, An J. Z. Virus infection leads to hormone deficiencies of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and diminished fertility in mice. J Virol. 2023;97(10):e0100623.
Xianzhi HE, LI Y, LI J, Sun B, LI Y, Zhai Q. Secretion of reproductive hormones and estrous cycle in rats interfered by combined exposure to beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate. Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2023;40(1): 83-88.
Marcondes FK, Bianchi FJ and Tanno AP. Determination of the estrous cycle phases of rats: some helpful considerations. Brazilian Journal of Biology. 2002; 62: 609-614.
Bakare AA, Idaguko CA, Sogbesan ZA, Adeoye F. The effects of variations in length of suction pipette inserted during vaginal smear cytology procedure on estrous cycle in Sprague–Dawley rats. Journal of Biological research and biotechnology 2022; 20(2):1600-1605.
Ajayi, AF and Akhigbe RE. Staging of the estrous cycle and induction of estrus in experimental rodents: an update. Fertil Res Pract. 2020; 6:5.
Ohihoin AG, Ohihoin EN, Ujomu I, Bakare A, Olanrewaju O, Okafor A, Ojetunde M, Ayoola JB, Aina O, Ajibaye O, Taylor-Robinson SD. Contemporary Antiretroviral Drugs (ARVDs) Disrupt Follicular Development in Female Wistar Rats. J Exp Pharmacol. 2023; 15:267-278.
Awodele O, Popoola TD, Idowu O, Bashua BM, Awolola NA, Okunowo WO. Investigations into the Risk of Reproductive Toxicity Following Exposure to Highly Active Antiretroviral Drugs in Rodents. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2018;43(2):54-63.
Smith MJ and Jennes L. Neural signals that regulate GnRH neurones directly during the oestrous cycle. Reproduction. (2001); 122:1–10
Danuzia AM, Débora C, Glauber SF, Raphael ES, Janete AA, Kênia CB, Luciane HG. Influence of estrous cycle hormonal fluctuations and gonadal hormones on the ventilatory response to hypoxia in female rats. Eur J Physiol. 2017; 469:1277–1286
Cristóbal AD, Enrique H, Abril ZG, Miguel AG, Marisela H. Rats in proestrus-estrus present more attention behaviors toward males and exhibit higher prefrontal-parietal EEG synchronization, Physiology & Behavior. 2023; 263:114136
Wood GA, Fata JE, Watson KL, Khokha R. Circulating hormones and estrous stage predict cellular and stromal remodeling in murine uterus. Reproduction. 2007; 133:1035–1044.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Bakare AA, Lawal TN, Ohihoin AG
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
