Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Review of the Clinical Management
Keywords:
COPD, Clinical Management Review, NigeriaAbstract
Background: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most common chronic respiratory diseases which contribute significantly to the burden of non-communicable diseases(NCDs). With the increasing prevalence of COPD in developing countries a good knowledge of the diagnosis and adequate management are important tools for both primary care and specialist physicians to ensure appropriate treatment.
Methods: Review of the available literature on the subject was done through Medline and Google search utilizing the following keywords COPD; epidemiology; pathogenesis and management.
Result: Spirometry is an important tool in the diagnosis and staging of COPD. Various treatment targets aimed at improving breathing and the quality of life in patients are available.
Conclusion: New therapies that have the potential to improve disease outcome are urgently needed.
References
Fletcher C, Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J. 1977;1(6077):1645-8.
Straus SE, McAlister FA, Sackett DL, Deeks JJ.Theaccuracyofpatienthistory,wheezing, and laryngeal measurements in diagnosingobstructiveairwaydisease.CARE-COAD1 Group. Clinical Assessment of the Reliability of the Examination-ChronicObstructiveAirwaysDisease.JAMA. 2000;283(14):1853-7.
Badgett RG, Tanaka DJ, Hunt DK, Jelley MJ, Feinberg LE, Steiner JF, et al. Can moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease be diagnosed by historical and physical findings alone? Am J Med. 1993;94(2):188-96.
Kiraz K, Kart L, Demir R, Oymak S, Gulmez I, UnalacakM et. al. Chronic pulmonary disease in rural women exposed to biomass fumes. Clin Invest Med 2003, 26 (5) : 243-248
From the Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management and Prevention of COPD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) 2011. Available from: http://www.goldcopd.org/.
Soriano JB, Zielinski J, Price D. Screening forandearlydetectionofchronicobstructive pulmonary disease.Lancet.2009;374(9691):721-32.
Broekhuizen BD, Sachs AP, Oostvogels R, Hoes AW, Verheij TJ, Moons KG. The diagnostic value of history and physical examination for COPD in suspected or known cases: a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2009;26(4):260-8.
Badgett RG, Tanaka DJ, Hunt DK, Jelley MJ, Feinberg LE, Steiner JF, et al. The clinical evaluation for diagnosing obstructive airways disease in high-risk patients. Chest. 1994;106(5):1427-31.
Landbo C, Prescott E, Lange P, Vestbo J, Almdal TP. Prognostic value of nutritional status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;160(6):1856-61.
MacNeeW.Pathophysiologyofcorpulmonaleinchronicobstructivepulmonary disease. Part two. Am J Respir Care Med. 1994;150(4):1158-68.
Schapira RM, Schapira MM, Funahashi A, McAuliffe TL, Varkey B. The value of the forced expiratory time in the physical diagnosis of obstructive airways disease. JAMA. 1993;270(6):731-6.
Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones PW, Wedzicha JA. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999;54:581–586
Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, Oga T on behalf of the Kansai COPD registry and research group in Japan. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-Year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest. 2002; 121:1434–1440
Dodd JW, Hogg L, Nolan J, Jefford H, Grant A, Lord VM, et.al. The COPD assessment test(CAT): response to pulmonary rehabilitation. A multicentre, prospective study. Thorax 2011;66:425e429.
Ferrer M, Alonso J, Morera J, Marrades RM, KhalafA,AguarMCetalChronicobstructive pulmonary disease and health related quality of life. Ann Int Med 1997; 127: 1072± 1079
Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, Spencer S, Anderson JA, Maslen TK Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320: 1297± 1303
Dewan N, Rafique S, Kanwar B, Satpathy H, Ryschon K, Tillotson GS et al Acute exacerbation of COPD Factors associated with poor treatment outcome Chest 2000; 117: 662- 671
Anthonisen NR, Wright EC, Hodgkin JE, Prognosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 14-20
Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Müllerova H, Tal-Singer R et. al. For the ECLIPSE study group. Susceptibility to exacerbationinchronicobstructivepulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2010 16;363(12):1128-38
Celli B, Cote CG, Marin JM, Casanova C, de Oca MM, Mendez RA et.al. The Body-Mass Index, Airflow Obstruction, Dyspnea, and Exercise Capacity Index in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1005-12.
NationalEmphysemaTreatmentTrialResearchGroup.ARandomizedTrialComparingLung-Volume–ReductionSurgery with Medical Therapy for Severe Emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003;348:2059-73.
Kelly AM, McAlpine R, Kyle E. how accurate are pulse oximeters in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive airway disease? Respir Med. 2001; 95:336-40
Alpha-1-antitryps indeficiency: memorandum from the World Health Organisation meeting. Bulletin of the WHO. 1997; 75: 397-415.
Casanova C, Cote CG, Marin JM, de Torres JP, Aguirre-Jaime A, Mendez R et al. The 6-min walking distance: long-term follow up in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2007; 29: 535–540
Singh SJ, Morgan MD, Scott S, Walters D, Hardman AE. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronicairwaysobstruction.Thorax1992;47:1019-1024.
Fletcher C. Peto R, Tinker C, Speizer FE. The natural history of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. An eight-year study of early chronic obstructive lung disease in working men in London 1976 Oxford University Press, 37 Dover Street, London. W1X 4AH
Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, Altose MD, Bailey WC, Buist SA et. al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of fev1the lung health study. JAMA. 1994;272(19):1497-1505.
Kanner RE, Connett JE, Williams DE, Buist AS. Effects of randomized assignment to a smoking cessation intervention and changes in smoking habits on respiratory symptoms in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Lung Health Study. Am J Med 1999.106(4):410-6
Chapman RS, He X, Blair AE, Lan . Improvement in household stoves and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Xuanwei, China: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2005;331:1050.
Romieu I, Riojas-Rodrı ́guez H, Marro ́n-MaresAT, Schilmann A, Perez-Padilla R, Masera O. Improved Biomass Stove Intervention in Rural Mexico: Impact on the Respiratory Health of Women. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 180. pp 649–656, 2009.
Babb TG, Viggiano R, Hurley B, Staats B, Rodarte JR. Effect of mild-to-moderate airflow limitation on exercise capacity. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:223 30.
Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a statement of the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:S1-S40.
Casaburi R. Exercise training in chronic obstructive lung disease. In: Casaburi R, Petty TL, eds. Principles and practice of pulmonaryrehabilitation.Philadelphia:W.B. Saunders, 1993:204-24.
Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, et al. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1390-413.
Ries AL, Bauldoff GS, Carlin BW, Casaburi R, Emery CF, Mahler DA, et.al. Pulmonary rehabilitation: JointACCP/AACVPR Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 2007;131:4S-42S.
Griffiths TL, Burr ML, Campbell IA, Lewis-Jenkins V, Mullins J, Shiels K et al. Results at 1 year of outpatient multidisciplinary pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355:362-8
CaliforniaPulmonaryRehabilitationCollaborative Group. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea, quality of life, and healthcare costs in California. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2004;24:52-62.
SutherlandER,CherniackRM.ManagementofChronicObstructivePulmonary Disease; current concepts. N Engl J Med 2004;
HigginsBG,PowellRM,CooperS,Tattersfield AE. Effect of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide on airway calibre and bronchial reactivity in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Eur Respir J 1991;4:415-20.
Dahl R, Greefhorst LA, Nowak D, Nowak D, NonikovV,ByrneAMetal.Inhaledformoterol dry powder versus ipratropium bromide in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.AmJ RespirCritCare Med 2001;164:778-84.
Aalbers R, Ayres J, Backer V, Decramer M, Lier PA, Magyar P et al. Formoterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized,controlled, 3-month trial. Eur Respir J 2002;19: 936-43.
CasaburiR,MahlerDA,JonesPW,Decramer M, Lier PA, Magyar P et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropiuminchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease.EurRespirJ2002;19:217-24.
Belman MJ, Botnick WC, Shin JW. Inhaled bronchodilatorsreducedynamichyperinflation during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:967-75.
O'DonnellDE,LamM,WebbKA.Spirometric correlates of improvement in exercise performance after anticholinergic therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.AmJ RespirCritCare Med 1999;160:542-9.
Combivent Inhalation Aerosol Study Group. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, a combination of ipratropium and albuterol is more effective than either agent alone: an 85-daymulticentertrial.Chest1994;105:1411-9.
Casaburi R, Mahler DA, Jones PW, Wanner A, San Pedro G, ZuWallack RL et. al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J February 2002 19:217-224;
Petrie GR, Palmer KN. Comparison of aerosolipratropiumbromideandsalbutamolinchronicbronchitisandasthma. Br Med J 1975;1:430-2.
Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, Schmidt H, Rutten-van Mölken M, Beeh KM et.al. forthePOET-COPD Investigators. Tiotropiumversus Salmeterol for the Prevention of Exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011;364:1093-103.
JA van Noord JA, DR de Munck DR, TA Bantje TA, WC Hop WC, ML Akveld, and AMBommer.Long-term treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with salmeterolandtheadditiveeffectofipratropium. Eur Respir J 2000; 15:878-885
ZuWallack RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D, Church N, Emmett A, Rickard K et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in thetreatmentofCOPD.Chest2001;119:1661 70.
McKay SE, Howie CA, Thomson AH, Whiting B, Addis GJ. Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1993;48: 227-32.
SutherlandER,MartinRJ.Airwayinflammationinchronicobstructivepulmonarydisease:comparisonswithasthma.JAllergyClinImmunol2003;112:819-27.
Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, Brix A, Torre P, Viskum K. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructivepulmonarydisease:arandomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353:1819-23.
The Lung Health Study Research Group. Effect of inhaled triamcinolone on the decline in pulmonary function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2000; 343:1902-9.
Spencer S, Calverley PM, Sherwood Burge P, Jones PW. Health status deterioration in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:122-8.
Calverley PM, Pauwels RA, Vestbo J, Jones P, Pride N, Gulsvik A et al. for the TRISTAN (TRial of Inhaled STeroidsANd long-acting β2agonists)studygroup.Combinedsalmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial.Lancet2003;361:449-56.
Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: aclinicaltrial.AnnInternMed1980;93(3):391-8.
Tarpy SP, Celli BR. Long-term oxygen therapy. N Engl J Med 1995;333(11):710-4.
Consensus conference report.Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 The Nigerian Health Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
