Prevalence of Anaemia in pregnancy and its associated factors in Akwa Ibom State,Nigeria
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60787/tnhj.v22i3.604Abstract
Background: Anemia in pregnancy affects over half of the pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries. It poses specific risks to both mother and foetus. This study set out to assess the prevalence of anemia and its prevailing risk factors among pregnant women in rural and urban areas of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria.
Methods: The study was a cross-sectional study. An interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to obtain data. Descriptive statistics were presented in tables and figures. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact were performed to examine the relationship between categorical variables. Statistical significance was set at a p-value of 0.05.
Result: An equal number of urban and rural respondents (90) participated in this study. The average haemoglobin level was 10.801.25g/dl and 10.351.79g/dl for urban and rural respondents respectively. The majority of the respondents were anaemic (61.1%), with 49.1 of these having mild anemia and 50.9% having moderate anemia. The average daily dietary intake of iron was 17.7mg (6.1-37.8mg), and there was no significant difference between the iron intake of urban and rural respondents. Among the sociodemographic, obstetric, and dietary factors evaluated, only pregnancy trimester was significantly associated with anemia in pregnancy among urban respondents.
Conclusion: This study found an alarmingly high prevalence of anemia. This calls for promotion and implementation of proper nutrition education during pregnancy. These findings also support the need to strengthen policies on implementation of the continuous administration of iron and folic acid supplements as a routine ANC drug in health facilities.
Downloads
References
Osungbade K, Oladunjoye A. Anaemia in Developing Countries: Burden and Prospects of Prevention and Control. In: Anaemia. London: IntechOpen; 2012: 115–28.
World Health Organization. The Global Prevalence of Anaemia In 2011 [Internet]. WHO Press; 2015 [cited 2022 Mar 15]. Available from: ttps://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/177094/9789241564960_eng.pdf
Camaschella C. Iron-Deficiency Anaemia. N Engl J Med. 2015 May 7;372(19):1832–43.
Omote V, Ukwamedua HA, Bini N, Kashibu E, Ubandoma JR, Ranyang A. Prevalence, Severity, and Correlates of Anaemia in Pregnancy among Antenatal Attendees in Warri, South-Southern Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional and Hospital-Based Study. Anaemia. 2020 ;2020:e1915231.
Ugwu NI, Uneke CJ. Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy in Nigeria—A systematic review. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2020;23(7):889.
Ajepe AA, Okunade KS, Sekumade AI, Daramola ES, Beke MO, Ijasan O, et al. Prevalence and foetomaternal effects of iron deficiency anaemia among pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria. PLOS ONE. 2020;15(1):e0227965.
Stephen G, Mgongo M, Hussein Hashim T, Katanga J, Stray-Pedersen B, Msuya SE. Anaemia in Pregnancy: Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Adverse Perinatal Outcomes in Northern Tanzania. Anaemia. 2018;2018:e1846280.
Opara DC. Fundamentals of Public Health Nutrition. 1st Edition. Uyo: Heritage Digi-Link Int’l; 2019.
Dietitian/ Nutritionists from the Nutrition Education Materials Online, “NEMO”, team. Iron for pregnant women [Internet]. Queensland Government; 2020 [cited 2022 Oct 4]. Available from: https://www.health.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0023/150089/antenatal-iron.pdf
Miller JL. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: A Common and Curable Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2013;3(7):a011866.
Garzon S, Cacciato PM, Certelli C, Salvaggio C, Magliarditi M, Rizzo G. Iron Deficiency Anaemia in Pregnancy: Novel Approaches for an Old Problem. Oman Med J. 2020;35(5):e166.
Kalaivani K. Prevalence & consequences of anaemia in pregnancy. Indian J Med Res. 2009;130(5):627–33.
Abu-Ouf NM, Jan MM. The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia on child’s health. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(2):146–9.
Tesfaye TS, Tessema F, Jarso H. Prevalence of Anaemia and Associated Factors Among “Apparently Healthy” Urban andRural Residents in Ethiopia: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. J Blood Med. 2020;11:89–96.
Ayensu J, Annan R, Lutterodt H, Edusei A, Peng LS. Prevalence of anaemia and low intake of dietary nutrients in pregnant women living in rural and urban areas in the Ashanti region of Ghana. PLoS One. 2020;15(1):e0226026.
Okafor IM, Okpokam DC, Antai AB, Usanga EA. Iron Status of Pregnant Women in Rural and Urban Communities of Cross River State, South-South Nigeria. Niger J Physiol Sci. 2017;31(2):121–5.
Olatunbosun OA, Abasiattai AM, Bassey EA, James RS, Ibanga G, Morgan A. Prevalence of Anaemia among Pregnant Women at Booking in the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria. BioMed Research International. 2014;2014:e849080.
Citypopulation. Akwa Ibom (State, Nigeria) -Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location [Internet]. City Population. 2020 [cited 2022 Jan 17]. Available from: https://citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-admin.php?adm1id=NGA003
Scott TA. Sample Size Planning,Calculation, and Justification. Medicine. 2005; 142:274 -282.
World Health Organization. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience [Internet]. WHO Press; 2016 [cited 2022]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241549912
Onwuhafua PI, Ozed-Williams IC, Kolawole AO, Zayyan MS, Adze J. Prevalence of anaemia in the antenatal booking population at Ahmadu Bello University teaching hospital, Kaduna, Nigeria. Port Harcourt Medical Journal. 2018;12(1):23.
The Global health Observatory. Prevalence of anaemia in women of reproductive age (aged 15-49) (%) [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2022 Mar 14]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/prevalence-of-anaemia-in-women-of-reproductive-age-(-)
Sholeye OO, Animasahun VJ, Shorunmu TO. Anaemia in pregnancy and its associated factors among primary care clients in Sagamu, Southwest, Nigeria: A facility-based study. J Family Med Prim Care. 2017;6(2):323–9.
Obai G, Odongo P, Wanyama R. Prevalence of anaemia and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Gulu and Hoima Regional Hospitals in Uganda: A cross sectional study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16(1):76.
Kofie P, Tarkang EE, Manu E, Amu H, Ayanore MA, Aku FY, et al. Prevalence and associated risk factors of anaemia among women attending antenatal and post-natal clinics at a public health facility in Ghana. BMC Nutrition. 2019;5(1):40.
Vural T, Toz E, Ozcan A, Biler A, Ileri A, Inan AH. Can anaemia predict perinatal outcomes in different stages of pregnancy? Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(6):1354–9.
Murphy JF, O’Riordan J, Newcombe RG, Coles EC, Pearson JF. Relation of haemoglobin levels in first and second trimesters to outcome of pregnancy. Lancet. 1986 May 3;1(8488):992–5.
Ren A, Wang J, Ye RW, Li S, Liu JM, Li Z. Low first-trimester hemoglobin and low birth weight, preterm birth and small for gestational age newborns. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2007;(2):124–8.
Haider BA, Olofin I, Wang M, Spiegelman D, Ezzati M, Fawzi WW, et al. Anaemia, prenatal iron use, and risk of ad
Kassebaum NJ, Jasrasaria R, Naghavi M, Wulf SK, Johns N, Lozano R, et al. A systematic analysis of global anaemia burden from 1990 to 2010. Blood. 2014;123(5):615–24.
Hailu T, Kassa S, Abera B, Mulu W, Genanew A. Determinant factors of anaemia among pregnant women attending antenatal care clinic in Northwest Ethiopia. Tropical Diseases, Travel Medicine and Vaccines. 2019;5(1):13.
Gao H, Stiller CK, Scherbaum V, Biesalski HK, Wang Q, Hormann E, et al. Dietary Intake and Food Habits of Pregnant Women Residing in Urban and Rural Areas of Deyang City, Sichuan Province, China. Nutrients. 2013;5(8):2933–54.
Sholeye OO, Badejo CA, Jeminusi OA. Dietary habits of pregnant women in Ogun-East Senatorial Zone, Ogun State, Nigeria: A comparative study. IJNAM. 2014;6(4):42–9.
Obochwa AM, Mbagaya GM, Were GM. Dietary Intake-Among Pregnant Women Attending Ante-Natal Clinic AtKisiiLevel 5 Hospital, Kenya. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology. 2016;10(4):77–82.
Esmaillzadeh A, Samareh S, Azadbakht L. Dietary patterns among pregnant women in the west-north of Iran. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(5):793–6.
Gebremedhin S, Samuel A, Mamo G, Moges T, Assefa T. Coverage, compliance and factors associated with utilization of iron supplementation during pregnancy in eight rural districts of Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2014;14(1):607.
Lawal TA, Adeleye AO. Determinants of folic acid intake during preconception and in early pregnancy by mothers in Ibadan, Nigeria. The Pan African Medical Journal [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2022 Mar 23];19(113). Available from: https://www.panafrican-med-journal.com/content/article/19/113/full
Kominiarek MA, Rajan P. Nutrition Recommendations in Pregnancy and Lactation. Med Clin North Am. 2016;100(6):1199–215.
Tunçalp Ӧ., Pena-Rosas J, Lawrie T, Bucagu M, Oladapo O, Portela A, et al. WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience—going beyond survival. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2017;124(6):860–2.
World Health Organization. WHO antenatal care recommendations for a positive pregnancy experience Nutritional interventions update: Multiple micronutrient supplements during pregnancy. WHO Press; 2020.
Alkhasawneh EM, Seshan V, Arulappan J, Raman S. Determinants of Compliance with Iron Supplementation Among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman. International Journal of Nutrition, Pharmacology, Neurological Diseases. 2020;10(4):203.
Fite RO. Association between adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy and place of residence among adult HIV infected patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(9).
Wemakor A. Prevalence and determinants of anaemia in pregnant women receiving antenatal care at a tertiary referral hospital in Northern Ghana. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2019;19(1):495.
Laflamme EM. Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration and Pregnancy Outcome: A Study of the Effects of Elevation in El Alto, Bolivia. Mcgill J Med. 2011;13(1):47. verse pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2013;346: f3443.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 The Nigerian Health Journal
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Journal is owned, published and copyrighted by the Nigerian Medical Association, River state Branch. The copyright of papers published are vested in the journal and the publisher. In line with our open access policy and the Creative Commons Attribution License policy authors are allowed to share their work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
This is an open access journal which means that all content is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, trademarks, and so forth in this publication, even if not specifically identified, does not imply that these names are not protected by the relevant laws and regulations. While the advice and information in this journal are believed to be true and accurate on the date of its going to press, neither the authors, the editors, nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.
TNHJ also supports open access archiving of articles published in the journal after three months of publication. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g, in institutional repositories or on their website) within the stated period, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). All requests for permission for open access archiving outside this period should be sent to the editor via email to editor@tnhjph.com.
